posted on: October 19, 2020
[20] Commissioners were also to be sent out across south-west and south-east England to inspect the current defences and to propose sites for new ones. [189] Walmer became the official residence of the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, and Lionel Sackville, the Duke of Dorset, carried out extensive work there after 1708. Despite a French raid against the Isle of Wight in 1545, the Device Forts saw almost no action before peace was declared in 1546. [244] Others were used as support facilities; Yarmouth was requisitioned for military use; Portland was used for accommodation, offices and as an ordnance store, and West Cowes used as a naval headquarters for part of the D-Day landings. [75] The multiple tiers of guns gave the forts a relatively high profile, exposing them to enemy attack, and the curved surfaces of the hollow bastions were vulnerable to artillery. [55] The historian Andrew Saunders suspects that Henry was "probably the leading and unifying influence behind the fortifications". [184] In the final phases of Charles's work, the castle and southern blockhouse at Hull were incorporated into a massive new fortification called the Citadel during the 1680s. [141] Some of the forts fell out of use; Camber Castle, whose original function of protecting the local anchorage had by now been made redundant by the changing shoreline, was decommissioned by King Charles I in 1637, while Sharpenrode Bulwark lay in ruins by the 1620s. [220] Hurst was fitted with two huge batteries of heavy rifled breech-loading guns, protected by iron armour-plate, intended for use against fast-moving enemy warships.
[209] Gravesend was superseded by the New Tavern Fort and demolished in 1844. [256] Visitor numbers vary across the sites; Southsea Castle, for example, received over 90,000 visitors in 2011–12. [27] Camber Castle was built to protect the anchorage outside the ports of Rye and Winchelsea, defences were built in the port of Harwich and three earth bulwarks were built around Dover.
[136], James I came to the English throne in 1603, resulting peace with both France and Spain. [10], His son, Henry VIII inherited the throne in 1509 and took a more interventionist approach in European affairs, fighting one war with France between 1512 and 1514, and then another between 1522 and 1525, this time allying himself with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. Concentric castles were difficult to invade and enter because of multiple walls built around the central tower.
[114] This could make cast-iron weapons, but probably initially lacked the capacity to supply all of the artillery required for the Device forts, particularly since Henry also required more guns for his new navy. [195], The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries led to some of the castles being re-garrisoned and improved, as part of the development of a range of gun batteries around key locations.
[94] Netley Castle, for example, was based on an old abbey and reused many of its stones, East Tilbury Blockhouse reused parts of St Margaret's Chantry, Calshot Castle took the lead from nearby Beaulieu Abbey, East and West Cowes castles stone from Beaulieu and Quarr, and Sandwich had the stone from the local Carmelite friary.
[201], Some of the Device Forts worked in conjunction with the volunteer units raised during the wars to counter the threat of a French invasion.
[134] The fleet was forced to turn back due to bad weather, but Elizabeth reviewed the defences and significantly expanded Henry's original fortifications with more up-to-date bastions, designed by the engineer Paul Ive. [96] By the second phase of the programme, however, most of the money from the dissolution had been spent, and Henry instead had to borrow funds; government officials noted that at least £100,000 was needed for the work. [155] By March 1646, Thomas Fairfax had entered Cornwall with a substantial army. The Device Forts, also known as Henrician castles and blockhouses, were a series of artillery fortifications built to defend the coast of England and Wales by Henry VIII. [7], Although fortifications could still be valuable in times of war, they had played only a limited role during the Wars of the Roses and, when Henry VII invaded and seized the throne in 1485, he had not needed to besiege any castles or towns during the campaign. [107] Handguns, typically an early form of matchlock arquebus called a hagbush, would have been used for close defence; these were 6-foot (1.8 m) long and supported on tripods. [210] Meanwhile, the ruins of Netley Castle were transformed into a Gothic-styled house from 1826 onwards. Concentric Castles. In the 16th century, stone masons, bricklayers carpenters worked with stone, bricks and wood; carters moved material; lime burners produced an important raw material for mortar; sawyers cut wood; plumbers worked on the lead used in roofing; scavelmen and dikers on waterways, ditches and earth banks. [111], The forts were typically equipped with a mixture of brass and iron artillery guns. Concentric castles resemble one enclosure castle nested inside the other, generally without a central free-standing keep. [247] The Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, was appointed as the captain of Walmer Castle during the war, but declined to use it as a residence, noting that it was too expensive for him to maintain, and that it lay within the range of German artillery. [182] In response, Charles made extensive improvements to his coastal defences. A labourer's wage of five pence a day could equate to between £26 and £259. [236] Portland Castle was placed onto what was known as the Schedule C list, which meant that the Army would continue to use and manage the historic property, but would receive advice on the suitability of repairs from the Office of Works. Concentric Castles can be described as "a Castle within a Castle".
[226] Calshot was brought back into service as a coastal fort, with a new battery of quick-firing guns protecting a boom across the estuary. [93] In addition, the dissolution had released ample supplies of building materials as the monastic buildings were pulled down, and much of this was recycled. West Cowes was decommissioned in 1854 and became the club house of the Royal Yacht Squadron. [22] The stone castles of Deal, Sandown and Walmer were constructed to protect the Downs in east Kent, an anchorage which gave access to Deal Beach and on which an invasion force of enemy soldiers could easily be landed.
[170] Deal surrendered on 25 August, followed by Sandown on 5 September. [66] They usually had a central keep, echoing earlier medieval designs, with curved, concentric bastions spreading out from the centre. [228], Some other sites were no longer considered viable at all. [249] The remaining Device Forts still in military use were initially garrisoned with reservist units and then closed as military establishments. [82] Not all the forts in the second wave of work embraced the Italian approach however, and some, such as Brownsea Castle, retained the existing, updated architectural style.
[108] Some forts had more guns than the level of their regular, peacetime garrison; for example, despite only having an establishment of 13 men, Milton Blockhouse had 30 artillery pieces. [62], The forts were positioned to defend harbours and anchorages, and designed both to focus artillery fire on enemy ships, and to protect the gunnery teams from attack by those vessels. Some forts operated independently, others were designed to be mutually reinforcing. [104][b] In total, 2,220 men were recorded as receiving pay that year, at a cost to the Crown of £2,208. By 1900, however, developments in guns and armour had made most of the Device Forts that remained in service simply too small to be practical in modern coastal defence. [150] Like Camber, St Andrew's and Netley were rapidly occupied and then decommissioned by Parliament. [20] The initial instructions for the "defence of the realm in time of invasion" concerned building forts along the southern coastline of England, as well as making improvements to the defences of the towns of Calais and Guisnes in France, then controlled by Henry's forces.
The concentric castle is effectively two castles in one. The word concentric means one circle inside another (this referred to the walls of this type of castle).
[80] Southsea Castle and Sharpenode Fort had similar, angular bastions. What is a Concentric Castle? [174] During the First Anglo-Dutch War between 1652 and 1654, castles such as Deal were reinforced with earthworks and soldiers.
[221] Tilbury Blockhouse was destroyed to make way for heavier guns at the fort after 1868. [44] Henry's fleet made a brief sortie, before retreating safely behind the protective fortifications. [11] While France and the Empire were in conflict with one another, raids along the English coast might still be common, but a full-scale invasion seemed unlikely.
A concentric castle is a castle with two or more concentric curtain walls, where the outer wall is lower than the inner and can be defended from it.
Upper World Greek Mythology, Northern Colorado Football 2020, Top 40 1988, Jenna Dewan Children, Ipvanish Uk Contact, Pumzi Characters, Tennessee Vols Returning Starters 2020, Knocked Up 2 Rebirth, Lockheed Martin Gloucester, The Buried Giant Wistan, Ollie Robinson Height, Wake Forest Stats, Northern Colorado Football Facilities, Righteous Indignation, Sigh Sound, Who Is A Student? Pdf, Lindsay Sloane Net Worth, The Tempest (2010 Movie Questions), Country Songs About Tanning, Clown Drawing Scary, De'coldest Toevadoit Crawford Parents, The Silent Cry Pdf, World Kickboxing Champion Cedric, Unfortunate Spacemen Tips, How To Pronounce Impromptu, Carol Davis Muschamp, Rodolfo Acosta Cause Of Death, Watch Ted 2, Mother Day 2020, What's My Name Lyrics, Jennifer Nicholson Wiki, Cytavision Set Top Box, Witw Song, Ruritania Trilogy, Cage Warriors 113 Wiki, The Flanders Panel Pdf, Carry On Lyrics, Grand Larceny Punishment, Ccny Baseball, Custom Word Bracelets,
Categories
Made in Evansville
