posted on: October 19, 2020
[219] Some brood parasites are adapted to hatch before their host's young, which allows them to destroy the host's eggs by pushing them out of the nest or to kill the host's chicks; this ensures that all food brought to the nest will be fed to the parasitic chicks. [240] Other times, they may be commensal, as when species such as the house sparrow[241] have benefited from human activities. For example, the Clements Checklist has 10,404 species, of which 101 are listed as extinct. The discovery of Vegavis, a late Cretaceous member of the Anatidae, proved that the diversification of modern birds started before the Cenozoic era.
[228] Although both males and females disperse locally, they move outside the range where genetically related individuals are likely to be encountered. Ivanov, M., Hrdlickova, S. & Gregorova, R. (2001) The Complete Encyclopedia of Fossils.
[65] Orientation with the stellar compass depends on the position of the constellations surrounding Polaris. The chicks of the Synthliboramphus murrelets, like the ancient murrelet, leave the nest the night after they hatch, following their parents out to sea, where they are raised away from terrestrial predators. [68], Like the reptiles, birds are primarily uricotelic, that is, their kidneys extract nitrogenous waste from their bloodstream and excrete it as uric acid, instead of urea or ammonia, through the ureters into the intestine. The most commonly cited human threat to birds is habitat loss. A more likely explanation is that the egg develops a shell while passing through the oviduct over a period of about a day, so that if two eggs were to develop at the same time, there would be a risk to survival.
Most birds build nests in sheltered, hidden areas to avoid predation, but large or colonial birds—which are more capable of defence—may build more open nests. [144] Some birds carry water for chicks at the nest in their crop or regurgitate it along with food. (1994). Gauthier and de Queiroz[8] identified four different definitions for the same biological name "Aves", which is a problem. [30], A study on mosaic evolution in the avian skull found that the last common ancestor of all Neornithes might have had a beak similar to that of the modern hook-billed vanga and a skull similar to that of the Eurasian golden oriole. [10] The integument evolved into complex, pennaceous feathers.
Birds have a very efficient system for diffusing oxygen into the blood; birds have a ten times greater surface area to gas exchange volume than mammals.
[91] The atrium walls tend to be thinner than the ventricle walls, due to the intense ventricular contraction used to pump oxygenated blood throughout the body.
[250], Other commercially valuable products from birds include feathers (especially the down of geese and ducks), which are used as insulation in clothing and bedding, and seabird faeces (guano), which is a valuable source of phosphorus and nitrogen. Perching birds have a tendon locking mechanism that helps them hold on to the perch when they are asleep. "Comparative study of general public owl knowledge in Costa Rica, Central America and Malawi, Africa". Colonial breeders defend small nesting sites, and competition between and within species for nesting sites can be intense. the first dinosaurs closer to living birds than to Tyrannosaurus rex. Such projects have produced some successes; one study estimated that conservation efforts saved 16 species of bird that would otherwise have gone extinct between 1994 and 2004, including the California condor and Norfolk parakeet.
Some of these introductions have been deliberate; the ring-necked pheasant, for example, has been introduced around the world as a game bird. Most birds have an extended period of parental care after hatching. [270] Some birds have been perceived as monsters, including the mythological Roc and the Māori's legendary Pouākai, a giant bird capable of snatching humans.
Species that are unable to defend feeding territories, such as seabirds and swifts, often breed in colonies instead; this is thought to offer protection from predators.
As a result, birds have more blood in their capillaries per unit of volume of lung than a mammal.
Many birds rest on one leg, while some may pull up their legs into their feathers, especially in cold weather. [118], Feathers require maintenance and birds preen or groom them daily, spending an average of around 9% of their daily time on this. [122], Most birds can fly, which distinguishes them from almost all other vertebrate classes. [72] They also excrete creatine, rather than creatinine like mammals. Many of these early avialans shared unusual anatomical features that may be ancestral to modern birds, but were later lost during bird evolution. Birds are a group of feathered theropod dinosaurs, and constitute the only living dinosaurs. This includes birds … The most important birds hunted in North and South America are waterfowl; other widely hunted birds include pheasants, wild turkeys, quail, doves, partridge, grouse, snipe, and woodcock. [273] Birds are also important figures in poetry; for example, Homer incorporated nightingales into his Odyssey, and Catullus used a sparrow as an erotic symbol in his Catullus 2. There are many species of the same; most of which migrate to various places each year.
These proposals have been adopted by many researchers in the field of palaeontology and bird evolution, though the exact definitions applied have been inconsistent. The Coenocorypha snipes of New Zealand drive air through their feathers,[169] woodpeckers drum for long-distance communication,[170] and palm cockatoos use tools to drum. Many landbirds, shorebirds, and waterbirds undertake annual long-distance migrations, usually triggered by the length of daylight as well as weather conditions. How Many Species of Birds Are There in the World? [145], Feathers, being critical to the survival of a bird, require maintenance. [152] Other seabirds disperse after breeding, travelling widely but having no set migration route. This was done by excluding most groups known only from fossils, and assigning them, instead, to the broader group Avialae,[7] in part to avoid the uncertainties about the placement of Archaeopteryx in relation to animals traditionally thought of as theropod dinosaurs. Many types of birds can be classified based on size, weight, mannerisms, etc. [125], Most birds are diurnal, but some birds, such as many species of owls and nightjars, are nocturnal or crepuscular (active during twilight hours), and many coastal waders feed when the tides are appropriate, by day or night.
Water birds have special flexible lenses, allowing accommodation for vision in air and water.
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