posted on: October 19, 2020
It took a rally by an officer named Callistus (Balista), a fiscal official named Fulvius Macrianus, the remnants of the Roman army in the east, and Odenathus and his Palmyrene horsemen to turn the tide against Shapur. He was the son of emperor Valerian and Mariniana, who may have been of senatorial rank, possibly the daughter of Egnatius Victor Marinianus, and his brother was Valerianus Minor. Herulian invasions, revolt of Aureolus, conspiracy and death, IMPERATOR CAESAR PVBLIVS LICINIVS EGNATIVS GALLIENVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS MAXIMVS PERSICVS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS TRIBUNICIAE POTESTATIS XVI IMPERATOR I CONSVL VII PATER PATRIAE, It is generally accepted that he was 35 years old when ascended to the throne in 253, see J. Bray (1997), p.16. [34], In the aftermath of the battle, the rebellion of Postumus had already started, so Gallienus had no time to deal with the rest of the usurpers, namely Balista and Quietus. Sources are extremely confused on the dating of these invasions, the participants, and their targets. Unfortunately for the emperor, an old ally turned enemy. With the support of both armies and the Roman Senate, Valerian was declared the new emperor. hoard coins not in RIC etc. Postumus, a general in command of troops on the banks of the Rhine, defeated some raiders and took possession of their spoils.
He was succeeded by his wife Zenobia whose forces were defeated by Emperor Aurelian; she was taken to Rome in chains.
The exact birth date of Gallienus is unknown. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. In 268, at some time before or soon after the battle of Naissus, the authority of Gallienus was challenged by Aureolus, commander of the cavalry stationed in Mediolanum (Milan), who was supposed to keep an eye on Postumus. The Senate hastily formed an army of Praetorian Guard and local militia as the Alemanni approached Rome itself.
There are differing accounts of the murder, but the sources agree that most of Gallienus' officials wanted him dead. Gallienus (/ˌɡæliˈɛnəs/; Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus; c. 218 – September 268) was Roman emperor with his father Valerian from 22 October 253 to spring 260 and alone from spring 260 to September 268.
The revolt partially coincided with that of Macrianus in the East. [14] In any case, Gallienus reacted with great speed. Odenathus received the title of dux Romanorum and besieged the usurpers, who were based at Emesa. His threat to the empire would ultimately cost Gallienus a son.
Valerian became Emperor on 22 October 253 and had the Roman senate elevate Gallienus to the ranks of Caesar and Augustus. The standstill persisted until his later death,[43] and the Gallic Empire remained independent until 274. For a very thorough presentation of the contrasting views, see J. Bray (1997), p.72-73; also, A. Watson (1999), p.230, note 34. To the west, the Franks pushed into Gaul and Hispania, destroying the capital of Tarraco (Tarragona). The Roman forces could not possibly hope to stand against the might of the approaching Persian army, and when they did indeed attack in 260, Valerian and the Roman army were soundly defeated. In a unique decision, foreshadowing Emperor Diocletian’s tetrarchy a century later, Valerian divided the kingdom into two, taking the eastern half himself and giving Gallienus the west. In 268 CE, he named his son Marinianus as his successor, and a decisive victory at Naissus over the Goths and Heruli pushed the Germanic tribes out of the Balkans. Accomplishments, achievements and important events. In that condition, this army had to repel a new invasion of the province of Mesopotamia by Shapur I, ruler of the Sassanid Empire. It is possible the seizure can be attributed to the discontent of the civilian and military provincials, who felt the defense of the province was being neglected. The Senate proclaimed him co-emperor because it saw that no one man could run the vast military operations needed to defend the empire. As Marcus Aurelius and his adopted brother Lucius Verus had done a century earlier, Gallienus and his father divided the Empire. In 256 CE, in order to safeguard a dynasty, Valerian conferred upon Gallienus' son Valerian the Younger the designation of Caesar. In any case, the army of the usurpers was defeated and surrendered, and their two leaders were killed.
Like so many others, in 268 CE he would be murdered by his own men. Aureolus was entrusted with the pursuit and deliberately allowed Postumus to escape and gather new forces. Gallienus ruled an empire that was disintegrating under pressures from foreign invaders.
He ruled during the Crisis of the Third Century that nearly caused the collapse of the empire.
The “Barracks Emperors” is a term coined by later historians... Odaenathus expels Persian garrisons and restores. The reasons for this are unclear, and the Historia Augusta (almost the sole resource for these events) does not provide a credible story. [22] On their retreat through northern Italy, they were intercepted and defeated in the battle of Mediolanum (near present-day Milan) by Gallienus' army, which had advanced from Gaul, or from the Balkans after dealing with the Franks. It is possible that Gallienus’ successor Claudius Gothicus came to some sort of agreement, but he died in 270 AD and was succeeded by Aurelian.
Ancient History Encyclopedia, 09 Feb 2017. Marcianus's role in the conspiracy is not confirmed by any other ancient source. According to Zosimus, this army was infected by a plague that gravely weakened it. Bands of "Scythai" began a naval raid of Pontus, in the northern part of modern Turkey. [24], Around the same time, Regalianus, who held some command in the Balkans,[25] was proclaimed Emperor. [45] In the aftermath, Gallienus became Consul three more times in 262, 264, and 266.
[11], Sometime between 258 and 260 (the exact date is unclear), while Valerian was distracted with the ongoing invasion of Shapur I in the East, and Gallienus was preoccupied with his problems in the West, Ingenuus, governor of at least one of the Pannonian provinces,[12] took advantage and declared himself emperor.
I: The Road to the Throne, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. The reasons for this are unclear, and the Historia Augusta (almost the sole resource for these events) does not provide a credible story. Cecropius, commander of the Dalmatians, spread the word that the forces of Aureolus were leaving the city, and Gallienus left his tent without his bodyguard, only to be struck down by Cecropius. Also see Alaric Watson 1999, p.215, David S. Potter 2004, p.266, Herwig Wolfram, J. Bray (1997), pp.307–309.
At the same time, he expanded the role of the cavalry in warfare by creating a mobile cavalry reserve, which was to become the nucleus of the field army of the later empire. aus Augsburg.". He then hastily crossed the Balkans, taking with him the new cavalry corps (comitatus) under the command of Aureolus[15] and defeated Ingenuus at Mursa[16] or Sirmium. A successful general under Valerian, Claudius put down the revolt in which Gallienus was killed. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2020) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. Valerian left for the East to stem the Persian threat, and Gallienus remained in Italy to repel the Germanic tribes on the Rhine and Danube. The 6th-century Greek chronicler John Malalas and the Epitome de Caesaribus report that he was about 50 years old at the time of his death, meaning he was born around 218. Control of the whole empire passed to Gallienus. J. Bray (1997), p.57; Drinkwater (1987), p.22 suggests he also had responsibility for Moesia. After ravaging the province, they moved south into Cappadocia. [7] According to numismatic evidence, he seems to have won many victories there,[8] and a victory in Roman Dacia might also be dated to that period. For a time, things seemed to be going well for Gallienus. [48] Gallienus laid siege to the city but was murdered during the siege. According to Eutropius and Aurelius Victor, he was particularly energetic and successful in preventing invaders from attacking the German provinces and Gaul, despite the weakness caused by Valerian's march on Italy against Aemilianus in 253. [20][23] An historian in the 19th century suggested that the initiative of the Senate gave rise to jealousy and suspicion by Gallienus, thus contributing to his exclusion of senators from military commands. According to Aurelius Victor and Zonaras, on hearing the news that Gallienus was dead, the Senate in Rome ordered the execution of his family (including his brother Valerianus and son Marinianus) and their supporters, just before receiving a message from Claudius to spare their lives and deify his predecessor. Gallienus was played by Franco Cobianchi in the 1964 film The Magnificent Gladiator.
Valerian divided the empire between him and his son, with Valerian ruling the east and his son the west.
The decisive battle probably took place near Thebes, and the result was a clear defeat of Aemilianus. Wasson, Donald L. The two Macriani left Quietus, Ballista, and, presumably, Odenathus to deal with the Persians while they invaded Europe with an army of 30,000 men, according to the Historia Augusta. All three of Gallienus' children were killed before reaching adulthood. It is also believed that two future emperors were involved, Claudius Gothicus (268 to 270 CE) and Aurelian (270 to 275 CE). Division of the empire had become necessary due to its sheer size and the numerous threats it faced, and it facilitated negotiations with enemies who demanded to communicate directly with the emperor. It is thought that he spent little time in Rome but there is evidence to suggest he returned sometime between 255 and 257 AD as he was appointed as, Bust of Gallienus. Accomplishments, achievements and important events. [51] One version has Claudius selected as Emperor by the conspirators, another chosen by Gallienus on his death bed; the Historia Augusta was concerned to substantiate the descent of the Constantinian dynasty from Claudius, and this may explain its accounts, which do not involve Claudius in the murder. Bands of "Scythai" began a naval raid of Pontus, in the northern part of modern Turkey. Instead of returning it to the original owners, he preferred to distribute it amongst his soldiers. In the years 267–269, Goths and other barbarians invaded the empire in great numbers. According to Eutropius and Aurelius Victor, he was particularly energetic and successful in preventing invaders from attacking the German provinces and Gaul, despite the weakness caused by Valerian's march on Italy against Aemilianus in 253. When invaders reached the outskirts of Rome, they were repelled by an improvised army assembled by the Senate, consisting of local troops (probably praetorian guards) and the strongest of the civilian population. Valerian and his entourage were captured and held prisoner by the Sassanids, which essentially left only Gallienus as Emperor of the Roman Empire. Then another, even more numerous army of invaders started a second naval invasion of the empire. While the claimant would be opposed by imperial forces and suffer initial defeat, he and Gallienus would never meet in serious battle. After some initial defeats, the army of Aureolus, having defeated the Macriani, rejoined him, and Postumus was expelled. Gallienus and Aureolus' armies clashed near Mediolanum, modern day Milan, and Gallienus won a decisive victory over his old friend causing Aureolus to flee into the city where Gallienus laid siege. Gallienus (/ˌɡæliˈɛnəs/; Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus; c. 218 – September 268) was Roman emperor with his father Valerian from 22 October 253 to spring 260 and alone from spring 260 to September 268.
However, Gallienus who had dealt with the barbarians in Gaul and Hispania, was waiting and intercepted them at Mediolanum, present-day Milan. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. He was a student of the arts with a love for all things Greek - art, literature, and philosophy, even studying under the Platonic philosopher Plotinus.
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